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让作文成为拿分题
nokia6230 发表于 2006-9-7 20:27:00

On Writing

让作文成为拿分题

目前在各种考试中作文分所占的比重都很大。许多考生在写作时却发现自己“肚里无货”,刚写了七、八句就无从下笔了。更由于时间紧迫,只好临时拼凑些似是而非、模棱两可的句子来凑字数,分数当然不会高。
要想提高自己的写作能力,除了平时进行一些必不可少的辅助性训练外(如写英语日记和翻译报刊杂志等,目的是学习和提高自己动笔和造句的能力),更为重要的是要打开思路。要“下笔如有神”,思路梗塞如何能行?
打开思路的方法有许多种,笔者认为可以借鉴国外记者写作中用于提问的五个“W”和一个“H”,即 Who? What? When? Where? Why? 和How。它们适用于各种类型的写作,以它们为线索,你的文章就能更加贴近主题,挖掘出更多的相关材料。
Who
从最简单的层面来讲,它只涉及一、两个词就够了。例如:“this guy I know” 或 “Aunt Ginny”。但这样回答问题还不如不问。完成一篇好文章,就要跳出人们表面上肤浅的描述,如姓名、性别等。多花时间和精力,材料可以挖得更深一些,这样就可以为文章增加许多重要信息,其中的人物也变得丰满起来。与Who相关的话题有:
“Nineteen years old, six feet two inches tall, long of bone and hard of muscle, with sunburned faces and deep auburn hair, their eyes merry and arrogant, their bodies clothed in the same blue coats.”
这是美国文学名著《飘》中描写塔尔顿兄弟的一段话:他们今年十九岁,身高六英尺二,骨骼高大,肌肉结实,脸庞晒得黝黑,头发呈深枣红色,眼睛神采飞扬,傲气十足;身穿一模一样的蓝上衣。短短三十五字就将塔尔顿兄弟的年龄、身高、头发、骨骼、眼睛和神采描述得栩栩如生,其中“their eyes merry and arrogant”更贴切地反映出了两兄弟的青春风采。

What
What是一个描述性很强的词。利用它你可以探索出许多有趣的途径。只要你发挥想象力,就能为自己的文章开辟一片新天地。读者一般是通过看、品和感觉你文章中的事件和人物来了解文章的主题是什么,它对你(作者)意味着什么,以及作者通过这个主题向读者传递什么信息。
“The hours dragged by and the black shadow of calamity brooded over the town, obscuring the hot sun until people looked up startled into the sky as if incredulous that it was clear and blue instead of murky and heavy with scudding clouds. Everywhere, women gathered in knots, huddled in groups on front porch, on sidewalks, even in the middle of the streets, telling each other that no good news is good news, trying to comfort each other, trying to present a brave appearance.”
“时间一点一点挨过去,灾难的阴影终于黑压压地罩住了全镇,连骄阳似乎都被遮得黯淡无光。人们抬起头来才猛吃了一惊,他们简直不敢相信天空原来还是那么湛蓝,并没有乌云蔽日的情形。妇女们三五成群,随处可见。有的聚集在前门廊上,有的在人行道上围成一堆,有的甚至就在街心,彼此安慰对方,没有消息就是好消息,大家都极力装出一副勇敢的样子。”
在这段话中,作者充分发挥自己的想象力,将妇女们等待自己亲人的场景描述得活灵活现。她将坏消息比作巨大的阴影,笼罩全镇,让人们误以为当头是滚滚乌云,由此可想而知人们的沉重心情。
此外,许多主题都是由几部分组成。每一部分都可以拿出来进行描述,各个部分之间的相互关系如何以及它们在整体中各自发挥何种作用也可以进行探究。

与What相关的话题有:
What is its purpose? 它的目的是什么?
What is its value? 有什么价值?
What is its shape? 形状如何?
What are its limits? 有何局限性?
What class of things does it belong to? 它属于哪一种类?
How is it similar to other members of its class? 跟同类有何共同点?
How does it differ from other members of its class? 跟同类又有何区别?
What are its parts? 它是由什么构成的?
Is it a part of a larger whole? 它是否是一个更大的整体中的一部分?
What is its color, weight, texture, sound, odor? 它的颜色、重量、质地、声音和气味分别如何?
What is its history? 它有何历史渊源?
What are its causes? 它的成因是什么?
What are its effects? 会造成怎样的影响?
What is its duration? 能持续多长时间?
What is its meaning? 有何意义?
What is its formal definition? 它的正式定义是什么?
When
任何事情的发生都有时间。用When 就是为了确定时间。从最简单的层面出发,只给出一个日期和具体的时间即可,如:1998年6月12日星期四下午6点12分。在大部分的写作当中不需要给出具体的时间,如“One rainy winter morning just before breakfast”或“Easter Sunday when I was thirteen years old.”这两句话都能很好地讲述当时的时间情况。另外When也可用于阐述时间关系,如:“Before stepping up to the ticket booth, I stretched a little to make myself look taller.”这种表示时间关系的连接纽带最常见于叙事体,这种语体通常是以时间顺序为脉络的。例如:
“Late in the afternoon, the boys put up their tent in the middle of a field. As soon as this was done, they cooked a meal over an open fire. They were all hungry. After a wonderful meal, they told stories and sang songs by the camp fire. But some time later it began to rain.”

与When相关的话题有:
When did this happen? 事情发生在什么时候?
When had it happened previously? 以前在什么时候发生过?
When will it happen again? 什么时候会再次发生?
Why didn't it happen at some other time? 为什么不发生在其他时间?
What conditions must be met in order for it to happen? 在哪种情况下才会发生?
What happened before this? 在之前发生了什么事?
What happened after this? 过后又发生了什么事?
What else was happening at the same time? 同一时间内还发生了什么事?
How would this have been different if it had happened at some other time? 如果发生在其他时间,事情会有何不同?
Was this good or a bad time for it to happen? 事情发生在那个时间是利还是弊?
How is it similar to things that have happened at other times? 跟在其他时间发生的事有何相似之处?
When was it first noticed? 首先引起注意是什么时候?
What were the characteristics of the time? How long did it last? 在时间上有何特点?延续了多长时间?


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